This paper firstly introduces the structure and the content of 'Political Thought in Medieval Islam' . The content has two main parts, covering ten chapters totally. In the main part of the paper some critical notes are mentioned and some ameliorative and constructive suggestions are presented. The major headlines of these critiques are as follows: lacking clear methodology and theoretical framework, concentration on political thought of Sunni sect and paying no attention to Shiite political thought, focusing on debt of Islam to Christianity and Judaism, the need to review technical terms and preparation of bibliography or list of referendces, and finally accounting some scientific doubts using descriptive footnotes. The book, however, is useful as a classic work in political thought of Islam and is useful as an academic text alongside other books.

In The Law of Peoples, John Rawls seeks to extend his theory of domestic justice to the international level. Accordingly, Rawls divides his theory into two parts: ideal and nonideal theory. In the ideal theory, decent liberal and nonliberal peoples are imagined who can participate in the construction of what Rawls refers to as a “ realistic utopia” . Kazanistan is an idea derived from the ideal theory based on which an Islamic country is portrayed where religion and state are not separated and Muslims are appointed to high-ranking positions, yet the rights of minorities are recognized and protected. Kazanistan has a decent consultation hierarchy, in which citizens are not excluded from the public sphere and rulers are accountable to citizens. The main idea of this paper is: “ Which of the governance models is closer to the idea of Kazanistan in terms of fundamental political structures, the issue of women and the rights of the minorities? The Turkish or the Saudi Arabian model? In the end, it was found that the Turkish model, due to the Idea of Europeanization, is closer to Rawls’ s model of a just society. In terms of methodology, this research is a comparative study.

As the primary scholarly reference for Western researchers delving into the Quran, Islamic studies, and the lives of prophets and imams, the Encyclopaedia of Islam is invaluable. Nonetheless, a thorough evaluation of the articles and research contained within is essential to determining their credibility and scholarly consistency. Studying and examining the works of Orientalists about the Qur'an, Islamic sciences, and teachings is an undeniable thing for Muslims. Considering the position of Imam Ali (AS) as the first Imam of the Shias and his superior position in the beliefs of the Shias, orientalists have studied various aspects of his life in their studies and have presented two completely different points of view: A positive and optimistic perspective resulting from Western scholars' study of authoritative texts that explains and praises His scientific approach to interpretation, law, politics, jurisprudence, rhetoric, and more. The negative perspective resulting from a biased viewpoint and the failure to utilise authentic Muslim sources ultimately leading to skeptical opinions regarding the exalted character of Imam Ali (AS). The majority of the articles in this book stem from the intellectual efforts of Western researchers, but regrettably, their lack of access to reference sources has resulted in serious errors. In this research, using the library method through an analytical and critical approach, we will examine the work of Robert Gleave, an impartial and positive orientalist, about Imam Ali (AS) and then examine and criticize the doubts raised by him. In conclusion, the results of the research indicated that Orientalists' lack of access to authentic Islamic sources, coupled with their prejudice and partiality, led to their inability to correctly introduce this Imam to Western society.

The problem of Takfir is more a theological issue than a juridical one, and it is faith-based, since many jurists and prolocutors maintain lack and rote between blasphemy and faith. In other words, if a human being does not have faith in God and monotheism, he/she is considered as Kafir; however, due to the outcomes and consequences issued in jurisprudence, it is been of interest to jurists. In the present study, the viewpoint of popular Islamic scholar regarding Takfir for Kiblah believers is reviewed and it is discussed whether or not this issue is legal and approved on Islamic leaders vision. A majority of prolocutors and jurists of Shia and Sunni consider Kiblah believers as Muslim, and consider property, life, and sanctity for them. On the contrast, , a few people ignore the decree of their leader implying blasphemy to other Muslims and consider their killing as permitted.

During the last two centuries, the invasion of modernism to the Islamic world has been a chief issue which has caused different reactions. (History) However, the ambiguity in the bilateral relationship of social movements and Western modernity (Problem) has not been studied in the framework of identity and adaptation. (Background) However, the frameworks in which these movements operate and purposes which they wish to achieve (Question) have been controversial issues among thinkers. This paper presumes that Islamic movements have always looked for two fundamental concepts of "finding identity" and "adaptation" in a cultural setting. (Hypothesis) Therefore, these kinds of movements can be studies in a cultural framework and in the form of the two concepts of "finding identity" and "adaptation". (Objective) It is obvious that such studies can only be done in a descriptive-analytical atmosphere. (Methodology)Recovering the concept of "self" by referring to local and religious values in the framework of the "process" of finding identity as well as "efficiency" of Islamic societies in the framework of the "project" of adaptation are the common grounds of Islamic social movements specially in Sunni world.

Excommunication Rules and Obstacles from Viewpoint of Sunnite Excommunication Rules and Obstacles from Viewpoint of Sunnite Abstract: Excommunication means deeming Muslim unbeliever, and has been always an important subject in discourse and jurisprudence. The importance of its subject matter and damaging results leads the Muslim authorities discuss and research on it from the early years of forming the verbal and jurisprudential movements to the present time. This paper discusses and examines the viewpoint of jurists and speakers of Sunnite and congregation on excommunication. The result of this paper is that the excommunication of Muslims is forbidden and contrary to the canonical rules, as a principle. Therefore, relinquishing the excommunication and cases of ordering the unbelief of people requires the presentation of reliable proofs and reasons empty of any ignorance, error, unintention, paraphrase, imitation, and with regard to the final notice, whose description is undertaken by the Islamic scientists. Keywords: Belief, Excommunication, Definite Excommunication, Excommunication Rules, Excommunication Obstacles

Determining foreign policies and strategies requires attention to the perimeter environment and future changes. Iraq, as a country with a geopolitical position whose transformations can affect the region's situation, has a mixed population of different ethnics and religions. Sunni Arabs constitute 20% of the Iraqi population and for the historical role and history of the rule of the majority of Shiites, are of great importance in the knowing the future. In this descriptive-analytic study, considering the complexity and uncertainty in the scene of Iraq's developments, the scenario planning method have been used and data collected from meeting of experts on contentious practices mind, and analyzed with deductive approach with G. B. N pattern. And finally, two main uncertainties include: Sunni countries accepting or confrontation with Iraq's and the integration or segregation of parties, events and characters Iraq's Shiite, identified and four alternative scenarios had been and described. 1. Partnership and Cooperation; 2. Selfish Accompaniment; 3. Hopefully Demand and 4. Confrontation and Nationalism and strategies for realizing Iran's favorable scenario was reported.

Does religious democracy only belong to Shiite jurisprudential opinions or it has followers in Sunnis as well? What are Sunnis’ scientific and jurisprudential stance in this regard?The current research tries to answer these questions - even in brief through the viewpoint of political jurisprudence. In this article, Sunni scholars’ opinions regarding the legality of the government such as domination, appointment by the preceding Caliph, inherited government and princedom, appointment by God and His prophet (PBUH) -which are all contrary to democracy- and finally the theory of consensus - which is in favor of democracy- have been discussed and analyzed. At the end, it has been proven that theory of consensus, both affirmatively and confirmatively, is flawed and unreliable.

Understanding the meaning of words and the process of their evolution in the context of time and place has a great role in comprehending religious texts, and differences in understanding words greatly affect the emergence of intellectual differences and even sectarian divisions. Historical pieces of evidence suggest that with the advent of Islam, new words found their way into the public discourse, just as many words diverging from their original senses took on new meanings in public conversations. One of these words was "Ahl al-Bayt", which despite being a combination of two common words, took on a distinctly religious color and was widely adopted by Muslims. The question is: what are the differences in the approach of Muslims to explain the meaning of the word and which approach is accurate? The purpose of this article is to present the approaches and offer the espoused viewpoint with focus on Sunni sources through a descriptive and analytical method, and its findings indicate a distinction between the lexical meaning and the religious meaning.